Dr. Paul Sullivan

If Suez is challenged by new Arctic routes then the Bab El Mandab strait, along the Arabian Peninsula, will also be challenged as would ports along the Red Sea. Hormuz could be challenged by the relative decline in trade along the Suez Canal and an expected decline in oil and LNG trade over the coming decades. Ports all along the southern and eastern parts of the Arabian Peninsula may find many new competitive challenges. There is a chance that oil and gas could be replaced by hydrogen and ammonia of all colors, but that would also be determined by how competition develops between the region and other parts of the world.